環(huán)球美聯(lián)大調(diào)查：哪個(gè)國(guó)家更適合留學(xué)移民

自改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，留學(xué)美國(guó)的學(xué)生人數(shù)節(jié)節(jié)攀高，就中國(guó)出國(guó)留學(xué)學(xué)生比例看來(lái)，美國(guó)是受歡迎的留學(xué)國(guó)家，一是美國(guó)世界名校較多，另外是由于美國(guó)獨(dú)特的多元 化民族文化受到大家的廣泛歡迎。北京留學(xué)出國(guó)英語(yǔ)培訓(xùn)學(xué)校環(huán)球美聯(lián)英語(yǔ)專項(xiàng)出國(guó)考試培訓(xùn)，托福雅思考前培訓(xùn)班幫助更多的學(xué)生打成出國(guó)夢(mèng)想。

The U.S. is rapidly becoming more diverse as the nation's minorities -- driven largely by a surge in the Hispanic and Asian populations -- move beyond traditional 'gateway' cities into smaller cities and towns.

美國(guó)正在迅速成為一個(gè)更加多元化的國(guó)家，這在很大程度上歸因于拉美裔和亞洲裔人口的大幅增長(zhǎng)。如今他們正由傳統(tǒng)的“門戶”大城市向著小城市和城鎮(zhèn)遷移。

A new study to be released Friday shows that of the roughly 15,000 places in the country -- defined as cities, towns, suburbs or rural areas that govern their own fiscal affairs -- some 82.6% were majority white in 2010, down from 93.4% in 1980. Places where whites made up at least 90% of the population fell even more sharply, to 36% in 2010 from 65.8% in 1980.

9月7日發(fā)布的一份新研究報(bào)告顯示，在美國(guó)大約1.5萬(wàn)個(gè)地區(qū)（這里指財(cái)政自主的城市、城鎮(zhèn)、市郊和鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)）中，白人人口所占比例由1980年的 93.4%降至2010年的82.6%；而白人占比90%以上的地區(qū)數(shù)量則出現(xiàn)了更明顯的下滑，由1980年的65.8%大幅降至2010年的36%。

The paper is part of the US 2010 Project at Brown University, a series of demographic research by academics around the country. It is one of a number of new studies showing that while big cities traditionally have been the nation's melting pots, today it is smaller cities and suburbs that are on the front lines of changing demographics and culture.

該報(bào)告是布朗大學(xué)（Brown University）“美國(guó)2010項(xiàng)目”（US 2010 Project）的一部分。“美國(guó)2010項(xiàng)目”是美國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)界在全美范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行的一系列有關(guān)人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的研究。這份報(bào)告顯示，大城市一直以來(lái)都是美國(guó)各族 群融合的大熔爐，而如今小城市和郊區(qū)已成為改變?nèi)丝诮Y(jié)構(gòu)和文化的前沿陣地。近來(lái)還有不少類似研究均得出了同樣的結(jié)論。

'It sort of alerts everyone to the fact that diversity is becoming a part of daily life throughout the country, not just something that is confined to immigrant gateways or large cities,' said Barrett Lee, the US 2010 study's lead author and a sociology professor at Pennsylvania State University.

這份“美國(guó)2010項(xiàng)目”研究報(bào)告的主要作者、賓夕法尼亞州立大學(xué)（Pennsylvania State University）社會(huì)學(xué)教授巴雷特？李（Barrett Lee）說(shuō)，這在一定程度上提醒大家一個(gè)事實(shí)：多元化正成為人們生活中的一部分──它不再局限于移民城市和大城市，而已成為遍及全美的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。

In fact, some metro areas -- such as El Centro, Calif., and El Paso, Texas -- are becoming less diverse because of rapid growth of the minority populations.

事實(shí)上，由于少數(shù)族裔人口的快速增長(zhǎng)，諸如加利福尼亞州埃爾森特羅（El Centro）和得克薩斯州艾爾帕索（El Paso）這樣的大都市地區(qū)反倒變得沒(méi)以前那么多元化了。

The US 2010 report scores the diversity of the nation's metro areas by how evenly a place's population is spread across five groups: Non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics of any race, African-Americans, Asians and an 'other' category largely made up of Native Americans, Alaska Natives and people of two or more races.

這份報(bào)告采用了一套評(píng)分方法來(lái)描述美國(guó)都市人口結(jié)構(gòu)的多元化程度。該方法將人口分為五個(gè)族群──非拉美裔白人、拉美裔、非洲裔、亞洲裔和其他（“其他”項(xiàng)主要包括北美原住民、阿拉斯加原住民以及擁有兩種或兩種以上種族血統(tǒng)的人）。

A perfectly diverse place would have a population with exactly 20% of each category, and would score 100 on Mr. Lee's diversity scale. In 2010, the most diverse metropolitan area in the country, Vallejo, Calif. had a score of 89.3, with a population that was 41% white, 24% Hispanic, 15% Asian, 14% black, and 6% other.

按照李教授的評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在一個(gè)完美的族群多元化地區(qū)，五個(gè)族群的人口占比應(yīng)恰好均為20%──這樣的地區(qū)將得到100分。2010年，多元化程度高的美 國(guó)都市地區(qū)是加州的瓦列霍（Vallejo），得到89.3分。該地區(qū)人口結(jié)構(gòu)中，41%為白人，24%為拉美裔，15%為亞洲裔，14%為非洲裔，還有 6%為“其他”。

Big economic centers remain very diverse. The San Francisco, Washington, New York, Houston and Los Angeles metro areas were all among the nation's top 10 most diverse places. But while some sprawling metropolitan areas have diverse populations, in many cases their neighborhoods remain segregated.

大型經(jīng)濟(jì)中心的多元化程度依舊很高。舊金山、華盛頓、紐約、休斯頓和洛杉磯大都市地區(qū)至今仍在美國(guó)各地的族群多元化排名中名列前10。不過(guò)，在一些不斷擴(kuò)張的都市地區(qū)擁有多元化人口結(jié)構(gòu)的同時(shí)，其中很多地區(qū)卻依然存在著一些實(shí)行種族隔離的社區(qū)。

'In the Southwest and West, diversity seems to be translating into lower levels of segregation, but some of the most diverse areas on the East Coast and Midwest remain very highly segregated at the neighborhood level,' said John Logan, a professor at Brown and director of the US 2010 project.

“美國(guó)2010項(xiàng)目”的主管、布朗大學(xué)教授約翰？洛根（John Logan）說(shuō)，在美國(guó)西南部和西部地區(qū)，多元化似乎可以被解讀為種族隔離程度較低，不過(guò)在美國(guó)東岸和中西部一些族群多元化程度高的地區(qū)，種族隔離現(xiàn)象在一些社區(qū)仍然十分明顯。

The U.S. has long been growing more diverse and the Census Bureau projects whites will make up less than half of the nation's population in 2042. Last year, non-Hispanic whites accounted for less than half of newborn children for the first time in U.S. history.

美國(guó)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直在向族群多元化發(fā)展。美國(guó)人口普查局（Census Bureau）預(yù)計(jì)，至2042年，白人在美國(guó)人口中所占比例將不足一半。去年，非拉美裔白人新生兒在全部新生嬰兒中所占比例出現(xiàn)了低于50%的情況，這在美國(guó)歷史上尚屬首次。

Today's demographic changes are being driven by the booming Hispanic and Asian populations. Hispanics' ranks jumped 42% between 2000 and 2010 to 50.5 million, or 1 in 6 Americans, and they now constitute the biggest minority group in the country. Blacks grew a modest 11% to 37.7 million. Hispanics are growing fast not just because women have more children on average, but also because the population is younger, with more women in their prime childbearing years.

當(dāng)前人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)上的變化主要源于拉美裔和亞洲裔人口的高速增長(zhǎng)。2010年，拉美裔人口較2000年增長(zhǎng)42%，達(dá)到5050萬(wàn)，即每六個(gè)美國(guó)人里，就 有一個(gè)是拉美裔。拉美裔目前是美國(guó)大的少數(shù)族群。同期，美國(guó)非洲裔人口溫和增長(zhǎng)11%，至3770萬(wàn)人。拉美裔人口的快速增長(zhǎng)，一方面的原因是這一族群 的女子往往生有更多的孩子；另一方面，拉美裔人口更年輕，有更多適齡生育的女子。

The number of Asians in the U.S. quadrupled between 1980 and 2010 to about 18 million, or 6% of the total population. They have increased diversity in cities such as Bellevue, Wash., a high-tech hub near Seattle. Much of the Asian influx has occurred since the '90s, when technology companies such as Microsoft Corp., based in nearby Redmond, sought workers. Asians now account for about 30% of Bellevue's 128,000 people.

1980-2010年間，美國(guó)的亞洲裔人口增長(zhǎng)了三倍，達(dá)到1800萬(wàn)，相當(dāng)于美國(guó)總?cè)丝诘?%。亞洲裔人口的到來(lái)進(jìn)一步推動(dòng)了華盛頓州貝爾維尤 （Bellevue）等城市的族群多元化。貝爾維尤是西雅圖附近的一個(gè)高科技產(chǎn)業(yè)中心。亞洲裔人口的涌入在上世紀(jì)90年代相當(dāng)可觀，這主要?dú)w因于當(dāng)時(shí)微軟 （Microsoft Corp.）等科技公司的用工需求（微軟總部位于附近的雷德蒙德（Redmond））。目前貝爾維尤的12.8萬(wàn)人口中，約有30%是亞洲裔。