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關(guān)于雅思口語評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里詞匯多樣性的一點解讀

2015-11-17

雅思口語第二條評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是詞匯多樣性(Lexical resource)。所謂詞匯多樣性,就是指同一個詞重復(fù)次數(shù)不能太多。在考試以外的日常交流中,詞匯只要能夠把我們的意思傳達到位就可以了,不需要考慮重復(fù)不重復(fù),但在雅思考試中,重復(fù)用詞應(yīng)盡量避免。此外,多樣性并不意味著用一些所謂的大詞、難詞,也不是說要用一些偏詞、怪詞。不管是什么樣的詞,如果重復(fù)使用過多次,在考試中都不大可能獲得太好的分?jǐn)?shù)。

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Band
Lexical resource
7
uses vocabulary resource flexibly to discuss a variety of topics
uses some less common and idiomatic vocabulary and shows some awareness of style and collocation, with some inappropriate choices
uses paraphrase effectively
6
has a wide enough vocabulary to discuss topics at length and make meaning clear in spite of inappropriacies
generally paraphrases successfully
5
manages to talk about familiar and unfamiliar topics but uses vocabulary with limited flexibility
attempts to use paraphrase but with mixed success

我們來看雅思口語官方評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對6分詞匯多樣性的規(guī)定:has a wide enough vocabulary to discuss topics at lengthand make meaning clear in spite of inappropriacies;generally paraphrasessuccessfully

由此我們可以看出,要想在詞匯多樣性方面拿到6分,考生首先要具備a wide enough vocabulary。這里,關(guān)鍵的部分是wide, 強調(diào)用詞范圍的廣度,而不是所謂的big或difficult, 也就是說并不需要用太大太難的詞。例如,在表達“他學(xué)習(xí)很用功”時,很多考生不想說“He studies very hard.”, 覺得這樣太沒水平了。在查過字典后,不少考生可能會說“He studies very diligently.”。“diligently”這個詞用在這里并沒有什么不好,意義也比較準(zhǔn)確。但是,有些考生會有一個習(xí)慣,那就是每次在遇到同樣的表達時,總會不斷地重復(fù)使用剛學(xué)會的詞,如不少考生在遇到要表達“勤奮”或“用功”時,想到的詞就只有“diligently”, 除此之外再想不到其它更好的詞了。過多重復(fù)使用“diligently”這個詞,效果和使用“hard”這個詞沒什么差別,甚至更會給考官留下詞匯有限這一印象。因此,雅思6分的用詞,更強調(diào)的是同義詞替換。

其次,6分的用詞還強調(diào)“make meaning clear”這一點。換句話說,就是考生在使用一個詞之前,一定要確保它的意義是準(zhǔn)確無誤的。例如,在表達“他正在為這次校園活動做宣傳”這句話時,很多考生不知道“宣傳”應(yīng)該用哪個詞來表達,在查了詞典之后,選用了第一個看到的“propaganda”這個詞,將這句說成“He is conducting propaganda for this campus activity”。但是,在《麥克米蘭辭典(Macmillan Dictionary)》中,“propaganda”這個詞表示的是“information, especially false information, that a governmentor organization spreads in order to influence people’s opinions and beliefs”, 即“propaganda”其實指的是“政治宣傳”,而不能用來表示“校園宣傳”。因此,“propaganda”即便看起來非常高端,但因其表達意義出錯,是無法幫助考生拿到高分的。如果考生使用“promote”這個詞,將表達改為“He is promoting for this campus activity”, 這樣分?jǐn)?shù)肯定會比用“propaganda”來得高。

第三,在6分的詞匯多樣性中,“paraphrase”技巧也不能忽視。何謂“paraphrase”?簡單說來,就是“釋義”或“意譯”。具體地說,就是“用詞組或是句子來解釋某個單詞”。舉一個例子,在表達“他學(xué)習(xí)很用功”這句話時,考生們除了說“He studies very hard.”之外,還可以用類似“He studies almost day and night.”或“He spends a lot of time in studying.”等說法來表達。因此,如果考生在表達時遇到不會說的單詞,要學(xué)會用“paraphrase”技巧,換一種說法來說,這也是一種同義轉(zhuǎn)換的形式。同時,“paraphrase”也是一種重要的擴充技巧。例如,我們在表達一個人很樂觀時,可能只會說“He is an optimistic person.” 但是,如果運用“paraphrase”這個技巧進行擴充,我們就可以這樣說“He is an optimistic person, that is to say, he is ahappy person and always has a positive attitude towards life.” 也就是說,我們可以在每句話之后,用類似定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu),對前句中某個特定的詞匯進行釋義,更加具體地擴充自己的回答。

接下來,我們來對比一下詞匯多樣性5分的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在這一分?jǐn)?shù)段中,考生必須做到manages to talk about familiar and unfamiliar topicsbut uses vocabulary with limited flexibility, 同時還要attempts to use paraphrase but with mixed success。由“l(fā)imited flexibility”這一點我們可以看出,6分詞匯和5分的大區(qū)別,不在于6分詞匯有多大多難,而在于“a wide enough vocabulary”, 也就是說,6分詞匯和5分詞匯大的區(qū)別就是“同義詞轉(zhuǎn)換”。而作為一項重要的技巧,“paraphrase”也在5分的詞匯多樣性中被要求使用。

那么詞匯多樣性要從6分提高到7分,又要注意哪些方面呢?從評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中可以看出,7分的詞匯同樣強調(diào)的是vocabularyresource和paraphrase, 即同義轉(zhuǎn)換和釋義技巧。與此同時,7分詞匯和6分詞匯的區(qū)別還在于,7分強調(diào)使用lesscommon and idiomatic vocabulary, 并注意collocation。那么,什么是lesscommon vocabulary呢?當(dāng)我們談到“粉絲”的時候,很多考生腦中的第一個反映就是“fans”。但是,如果考生能推陳出新,說出類似“groupie”之類的詞,這就屬于使用lesscommon vocabulary了。但是,更重要的是,考生們要學(xué)會使用idiomaticvocabulary, 即“習(xí)慣用語”。例如前面提到的“他學(xué)習(xí)很用功”,考生如果能使用“hit the book”這一“習(xí)慣用語”表達“學(xué)習(xí)用功”,效果要比使用同義轉(zhuǎn)換和釋義技巧來得好。后,在使用詞組時,還要注意不能在“collocation”上出錯,即不能有太多詞組搭配的錯誤。例如,不能把“beproficient in”說成“be proficient at”。因此,7分詞匯也不強調(diào)使用難詞大詞,而是習(xí)慣用語的運用和詞組搭配的準(zhǔn)確。

后,我們來看一些例子,體會詞匯多樣性在不同分?jǐn)?shù)段的變化。

Question: What kindof music is popular now in China?

詞匯多樣性5分回答:

Different people have different tastes. In China, some people like classical music,they can get inner peace from it. For example, my grandfather likes to listento Mozart every day, he has a lot of classical music CDs. But others may like rock music, because they think it helps them to release pressure. Take my brotheras an example. He likes to listens to famous rock music bands, such as BonJovi and Coldplay.

詞匯多樣性6分回答:

Different people have different tastes. In China, some people is interested in classicalmusic, they can get inner peace from it. For example, my grandfather enjoys to listen to Mozart every day, he has a lot of classical music CDs. But others may be crazy about rock music, because they think it helps them to release pressure.Take my brother as an example. He is fond of listening to some famous rockmusic bands, such as Bon Jovi and Coldplay.

詞匯多樣性7分回答:

Tastes differ. In China, classical musicis the cup of tea for some people, they can get inner peace from it. Forexample, my grandfather enjoys to listen to Mozart every day, he has a lotof classical music CDs. But others may be groupies for rock music, becausethey think it helps them to release pressure. Take my brother as an example. He is fond of listening to some famous rock music bands, such as Bon Jovi andColdplay.

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