掌握邏輯關系詞突破雅思閱讀

閱讀文章由四個部分組成：詞匯、句子、段落、篇章。詞匯作為理解文章的基礎，其重要性顯而易見。但很多同學談詞色變，抱怨生詞太多，文章難理解。加上雅思閱讀詞匯意思大多偏學術類，不常見，即使基礎再好的同學，都很難做到認識所有考點詞。針對這一問題，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家在多年的教學研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，只要考生掌握句與句之間的邏輯關系，即使不認識考點詞，也能夠猜出答案。本篇文章將重點分析一下同學們在學習過程中忽略邏輯關系詞的原因，以及邏輯關系詞在雅思閱讀中的分類和應用。

一、忽視邏輯關系詞的原因

1. 漢語是表意（象形）文字，英語是表音文字

大部分漢語單詞本身是有意義的，我們的祖先結(jié)合自然和實際生活創(chuàng)造文字，無需通過上下文我們就可以猜出詞匯的意思，比如我們開始學的“水”“木”等，這些詞與我們實際生活中見到的實物差不多，所以我們?nèi)菀子涀≡~的意思。其次再用這些詞和其它詞組合而成的單詞我們也能夠猜出詞匯意思，比如“杉”，應該和木頭有關。而英語是表音文字，是由一系列字母組成的，字母本身沒有意義，比如我們很難把英語里面的“water”, and “wood”和生活中的實物聯(lián)系起來。這些單詞本身是沒有意義的，是人類在發(fā)展過程和實際生活中的需要賦予了這些詞意義。再比如動詞“搶”，無上下文提示，根據(jù)提手旁“扌”就可以推測出來這個詞是表動作而且和手有關，而英語“rob”單單一個詞，無上下文我們是很難猜出詞匯意思的，只有放在具體語境中我們才能猜出它的詞性以及內(nèi)容：He stopped me, beat me and robbed me of my money. （他截住我，打了我，并且搶了我的錢。）所以英語詞匯要放在邏輯關系語義中更容易學。

2. 在句子應用中，漢語邏輯關系詞可以省略，而英語則不行

我負擔不起去英國留學，（因為）花費太高了。（1）

I couldn’tafford to study in England, because the expense is exorbitant.（2）

（1）句漢語例子中表原因的邏輯關系詞“因為”在實際應用中是可以省略的，而且也不影響我們對句子的理解。而（2）句英語里面的邏輯關系詞“because”在實際應用中是不能省略的，并且我們通過“because”可以判斷出“exorbitant”的意思應該是表示“高”。

從以上分析，我們可以得出由于英漢兩種語言在詞匯構造上的差異，以及在句子應用中的表達方式不同，我們母語使用比較靈活，可以忽略邏輯關系詞，所以受母語影響，我們常常忽略英語邏輯關系詞在理解中的重要作用。

二、邏輯關系詞在雅思閱讀中的分類和應用

在例子（2）里面，我們只要知道“because”表原因，就可以推導出“exorbitant”的意思，并且英語里表示此類邏輯關系的詞是有限的，所以同學們只要記住各類邏輯關系詞的意思就可以輕松推理出考點詞的意思。

1. 原因

判斷題：Problems in Nordic countries were excludedbecause they are outside the European EconomicCommunity.（劍7 T3 P3-Q27）

定位原文：Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countriesbordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded.

此題很多同學因為在原文中未出現(xiàn)European Economic Community而誤選NOT GIVEN。但是如果我們按邏輯關系“because”去定位原文“therefore”, 就能猜出答案。Therefore意思是表結(jié)果，那么前面應該是在描述原因(Those confined toparticular geographical areas), 而問題給的原因是(they are outside the European Economic Community), 所以答案是FALSE。

表原因的邏輯關系詞：because, because of, therefore, so, hence, thus,since, result in, result from, as a result, due to, for, cause, contribute to,consequently, as, lead to, owing to and in that, etc.

2. 否定

完成句子填空：The sense of smell may involve response to ______ which do not smell, inaddition to obvious odors.（劍8 T2 P3-Q39）

定位原文：Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two-oneresponding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals inthe air.

問題空格后面是一個否定定語從句“which do not smell”, 對應原文中的否定詞odourless, less是否定詞根，所以答案是chemicals。

判斷題：Scientists haveyet to determine the cue for Chusquea abietifolia’s seasonal rhythm.（劍5 T4 P3-Q32）

定位原文：The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known.

這題很多同學錯選FALSE, yet to do something是表示否定的，意思是“還沒有去做”，所以答案是TRUE。

表否定邏輯關系的詞根：decline, dehydrate, disagreeable, disable, misconduct, mislead, inconsistent, inaccurate, immortal, imperfect, irregular, irrelevant, nonexistent, nonstop, unstable, uninformed, subconscious, subordinate, undervalue, underestimate, odorless and regardless etc.

表否定的邏輯關系詞：not, no, never, without and ratherthan etc.

3. 舉例子

完成句子填空：Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as _____.（劍5 T4 P3-Q35）

定位原文：Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless ofphotoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.

此題通過referred to as與known as同義替換，可以直接得出答案：day-neutral plants, 此類題型在雅思閱讀中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。

流程圖題：stage one resin, called ____（劍5 T2 P1-Q4）

定位原文：The result was a resin known as Novalak.

此題很多同學不認識生詞“resin”, 但可以通過“called”與“known as”同義替換推測出答案是Novalak.

表舉例子的邏輯關系詞：such as, known as, refer to as, like, for example, forinstance, to point out, in particular, in detail, especially, specifically andcall etc.

4. 轉(zhuǎn)折

段落大意題：It was once assumed that improvements in telecommunications would lead tomore dispersal in the population as people were no longer forced into cities.However, the ISTP team’s research demonstrates that ... . The new world willlargely depend on human creativity, and creativity flourishes where people cometogether face-to-face.（劍7 T2 P1-Q5）

這道題目很多同學因為第一句話出現(xiàn)improvements in telecommunications而誤選“vi. the impact of telecommunications on population distribution”。第二句話有轉(zhuǎn)折詞however, 所以答案肯定不選vi, 正確選項是“iii. the benefits of working together in cities”, 對應原文后一句話。

完成句子填空：Day length is a useful cue for breeding in areas where _____ areunpredictable.（劍5 T4 P4-Q34）

定位原文：Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectlypredictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring,temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length on increases steadily by a predictable amount.

這題很多同學會錯選pattern, 原文but后面描述的是白天長度(day length)是可以預測的(predictable)，前半句話的意思與此相反，表示temperatures是不可以預測的（fluctuate-波動），所以答案是temperatures。

段落大意題：In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell isprobably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often …（劍8 T2 P3-Q29）

這題即使同學不認識“undervalued”這個詞，也可以通過“in spite of”（雖然…但是）推導出前后兩者的關系應該是相反的（與importance意思相反，表示不重要，低估），所以答案是“vi. why our sense of smell is not appreciated”, “undervalued”與“not appreciated”同義替換。

表轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯關系詞：but, however, yet, in contrast, onthe contrary, whereas ,nonetheless, nevertheless, while, whilst, although,despite, in spite of, whereas, alternatively, even though and even if etc.

5. 條件

選擇題：According tothe introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell when __（劍8 T2 P3-Q33）

定位原文：We breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously awareof their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired forsome reason that we begin to realize the essential role the sense of smellplays in our sense of well-being.

這題一些同學會誤選D. we are surrounded by odors。問題要求的是表條件when, 定位到原文應該是when the faculty of smell is impaired（損壞）…, 所以答案應該選C. our ability to smell is damaged.

表條件的邏輯關系詞：if, unless, when, whenever,granted that…., provided that…, given that.. and only etc.

6. 并列

摘要題填空：Professor Prettyconcludes that … . He feels this would help to change the attitude of both ______and ______.（劍7 T2 P2-Q26）

定位原文：It could go a long way,he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainablesystem of agriculture.

如果同學們不知道shift的同義詞是change, 可根據(jù)原文并列關系詞as well as與問題并列詞both…and同義替換，所以答案是consumers and farmers。

摘要題填空：In Britain, moreover,scientists worried that English had neither the _______ nor _______ to expresstheir ideas.（劍5 T2 P3-Q30）

定位原文：English was not wellequipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessarytechnical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required torepresent the world in an objective and impersonal way.

“neither...nor”與原文“first…second”表并列，根據(jù)問題，答案應該是名詞：technical vocabulary norgrammatical resources。

表并列的邏輯關系詞：and, not only…but also, neither…nor, in addition, coupled with, also, too, as well as,equally important, additionally, first—second—third…, on the one hand-on theother hand and together with etc.

7. 比較

判斷題：Johnson has become more wellknown since his death.（劍5 T1 P1-Q9）

定位原文：Dr Samuel Johnson, thevery model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time asin ours.

原文中的意思是一樣有名(as…as)，所以答案是FALSE。

判斷題：Government handouts domore damage than tourism does to traditional patterns of food-gathering.（劍5 T4 P1-Q9）

原文定位：Tourism is not alwaysthe culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labor, or governmenthandouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems.

原文中沒有出現(xiàn)表示比較級類似的詞，所以答案是NOT GIVEN。

表比較的邏輯關系詞：as…as, the same…as, unlike, like,resemble, compare to and than etc.

以上，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家對雅思閱讀中出現(xiàn)的邏輯關系詞考點進行了歸納總結(jié)，希望同學們熟練掌握各類邏輯關系詞，在考場上面對生詞時，也能應對自如。