全面解析托福綜合口語(yǔ)第三題

很多考生在描述自己口語(yǔ)的情況時(shí)常說(shuō)自己口語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題主要在于獨(dú)立口語(yǔ)部分表現(xiàn)不好，一是自己的語(yǔ)音面貌不是很理想，體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)音，語(yǔ)調(diào)，和語(yǔ)速控制不懂得如何把握；二是自己在答題過(guò)程中缺乏好的思路，造成組織答案蒼白沒(méi)有新意，聽(tīng)上去模板化。這反映出同學(xué)們其實(shí)很了解自己的問(wèn)題，因此一般會(huì)把精力放在提高獨(dú)立部分而容易忽視綜合部分，對(duì)于常犯的錯(cuò)誤更是知之甚少。

造成這種現(xiàn)象主要是因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)同學(xué)認(rèn)為綜合口語(yǔ)不過(guò)是對(duì)原文的闡述，只要聽(tīng)得懂，說(shuō)出來(lái)自然沒(méi)問(wèn)題，這也就是為什么口語(yǔ)的總體分?jǐn)?shù)常常不理想的重要原因。畢竟，綜合部分有四道題目，話題的數(shù)量和份量都較獨(dú)立部分更高。每一個(gè)部分都有它自己的特點(diǎn)和答題的方法，單純的對(duì)原文重復(fù)是不能達(dá)到一個(gè)較高水平的要求的。因此本文中，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專(zhuān)家將著重討論一下口語(yǔ)第三題的轉(zhuǎn)述技巧。

我們以TPO24的第三題做一個(gè)范例，閱讀部分如下：

Close the CampusCoffee house

I propose that theuniversity close the campus coffeehouse. Coffeehouses are great, if peopleactually use them, like to socialize with friends, while enjoying a cup ofcoffee and a snack. But students are not using our campus coffeehouse. Thereare usually lots of empty tables when I pass by the place.

It is just a wasteof space that could be used for other things. Also, the food at the coffeehouseis not very good. The last time I was there, the cakes and muffins my friendsand I ordered were dry and didn’t have much flavor.

Sincerely,

GregSmith

首先分析這是一篇學(xué)生建議類(lèi)的閱讀，他的建議是關(guān)閉校園的咖啡店。他提出建議的原因基于兩點(diǎn)：一是空，沒(méi)人用；二是食物的味道太差。

我們?cè)陂喿x部分先要做一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)述，一般在校園對(duì)話類(lèi)題目中我們常會(huì)用theman says that..., 或者thewoman said that... 這類(lèi)的表述，這里首先要注意的一點(diǎn)就是要使用轉(zhuǎn)述性引語(yǔ)。比如如果原文是這樣：

Mymother said: “I’m so tired that I don’t want to cook. Shall we eat out tonight?”

我們?cè)谵D(zhuǎn)述中要說(shuō)：My mother said that shewas so tired that she didn’t want to cook and she suggested that we should eatout that day.

又如：Tom said: “I’ve alreadyseen the film.”

Tomsaid that he had already seen the film.

這是中學(xué)時(shí)期的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)，但是當(dāng)提到這個(gè)點(diǎn)時(shí)很多同學(xué)并沒(méi)有印象，原因就是很多我們學(xué)到的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)都只是停留在知識(shí)點(diǎn)的階段，而沒(méi)有融入到語(yǔ)境和實(shí)際的交流中。

在這個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)上，要注意幾條特定的規(guī)則：

1. that是從屬連詞，通常放在間接引語(yǔ)之前。

2. 在轉(zhuǎn)述中，引語(yǔ)的核心動(dòng)詞，即從句的動(dòng)詞，通常要向過(guò)去退一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)，比如常見(jiàn)的就是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)要改成一般過(guò)去時(shí)。

3. 指代時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的詞通常要和新的“視角”及新的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。

4. 例外，如果間接涉及客觀真理，就用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)就好了，這個(gè)和我們平時(shí)使用時(shí)態(tài)的習(xí)慣是一致的，不需要再退后一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。

這里要特別注意第四個(gè)原則，因?yàn)樵诘谌}中常常會(huì)涉及人們對(duì)于觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)的討論。比如Student: Hey, athletics areimportant to this university. They want players to be successful.

這里體育活動(dòng)在學(xué)校生活中居于首要地位是一個(gè)眾所周知的事實(shí)，所以用間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)述該生的話時(shí)，可以用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。這樣，這句話就要變?yōu)椋?/span>

Theman said that athletics are important to the university and that the universitywants athletics to be successful.

回歸我們的題目，日常的飲食對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)也是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的，共識(shí)性的話題，所以原題我們就可以這么說(shuō)：Theman/student suggests that campus coffee house should be closed/ the studentproposes to close the coffee house in campus, because students usually don’tuse it and the food in coffee house is not good.

閱讀的部分基本分析得比較完整了，然后是聽(tīng)力部分：

StudentA:

Idon’t like his proposal.

StudentB:

Whynot? There are never many students in there.

StudentA:

Butthat’s what I like about it that is never crowded.

StudentB: Really?

StudentA:

Yeah,so it’s a great place to study. I go there a lot, read a book, bring my laptopcomputer and work on a paper for class. It’s never noisy.

StudentB:

Youare able to get your work done there?

StudentA:

Absolutely.In fact, I actually prefer it to the library as the place to study, and a lotof other students do too. We even study for our final exam there, and you caneat there while at work, something you cannot do in the library.

StudentB:

OK,but you don’t actually like the food, do you? I mean, he says…

StudentA:

Well,I don’t he’s been there recently, I mean it’s true that it wasn’t that great inthe past. But I think it’s a lot better now.

StudentB:

What’schanged?

StudentA:

Theyhave a new manger and I guess she has made some improvements in the quality ofthe food. I was there last week and food was delicious.

StudentB:

Really?

StudentA:

Yeah,really. And the new manager has also added a lot of really healthy food andsnacks, so the food doesn’t just taste good now. It’s good for you too.

StudentB:

Hmm,I’ll have to try the place.

聽(tīng)力中我們聽(tīng)到男孩對(duì)于信中的建議是反對(duì)的，對(duì)于反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的表達(dá)我們有太多的說(shuō)法了。

首先我們可以選擇復(fù)述原文，直接說(shuō)The man doesn’tlike his proposal. 或者同學(xué)們可以說(shuō)Theman holds a negative view towards the suggestion.

下面為大家總結(jié)了一些常見(jiàn)的表示支持觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)述句型：

Hesupports/ backs/ endorses/advocates the plan.

Sheagrees with/ expresses support for/approves of/argues in favor of the plan.

Heis for/ is in favor of/is delighted with/ is behind/is comfortable with/ispleased with the plan.

Sheaccepts that the plan is a good idea./ She thinks the plan is reasonable./ Shebelieves the plan is well-designed./ She thinks the plan has benefits.

下面是常見(jiàn)的反對(duì)觀點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)述句：

Hedoesn't support/opposes/ rejects/ dislikes the plan.

Shedisagrees with/ expresses dissatisfaction about/ disapproves of/ argues againstthe plan.

Heis against/is not in favor of/ is disappointed with/ is opposed to/ isuncomfortable with/ is displeased with the plan.

Shequestions that the plan is necessary./ She thinks the plan is unreasonable./She believes the plan is misguided./ She thinks the plan has weaknesses.

接下來(lái)在正文的答題過(guò)程中，有些同學(xué)會(huì)有這樣的一種疑慮：我說(shuō)得太慢會(huì)不會(huì)影響我的得分？但說(shuō)得太快會(huì)不會(huì)中間有許多停頓，那大概停頓幾次是合理的，不會(huì)影響得分呢？朗閣海外考試研究中心的專(zhuān)家給出的回答是，太快和太慢都是不合理并且不合適的，官方對(duì)于語(yǔ)速的要求是要做到清晰自然，語(yǔ)速太慢、回答的內(nèi)容過(guò)少會(huì)造成答案空洞，而一味的追求速度，使得回答聽(tīng)上去像一架機(jī)關(guān)槍也是不可取的。

對(duì)于停頓是沒(méi)有一個(gè)明確的要求的，關(guān)鍵是要使答案聽(tīng)上去是自然的。說(shuō)得太快往往容易忽略句子的語(yǔ)調(diào)和重音，使得句群劃分不合理，造成聽(tīng)者理解上的困難，是一定會(huì)造成不必要的失分的。我們的停頓有時(shí)正是體現(xiàn)我們思考的過(guò)程，是語(yǔ)言交流中完全正常的行為。在和nativespeaker的交談中，往往他們遇到難以回答的問(wèn)題時(shí)也會(huì)emm, ah地說(shuō)出一些小的語(yǔ)氣詞。

還有一個(gè)問(wèn)題也是同學(xué)們?cè)诖痤}過(guò)程中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)的，就是如果在考試中我記錯(cuò)一個(gè)單詞的意思，或是出現(xiàn)了語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，說(shuō)出口的一瞬間就猛然醒悟有問(wèn)題，這時(shí)該怎么辦，是把剛才說(shuō)的話重述一遍修改為正確版本呢，還是不管它，硬著頭皮繼續(xù)說(shuō)下去。

朗閣海外考試研究中心的專(zhuān)家對(duì)此的建議是，如我們?cè)诖擞懻摰闹黝}是一致的，如果是不影響語(yǔ)義或者不會(huì)造成歧義的輕微失誤，完全可以順著答案繼續(xù)說(shuō)下去，這也是在ETS允許的范圍之內(nèi)的。Native speaker在交流中也會(huì)多多少少有一些語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，甚至一些如CNN, VOA的記者在采訪時(shí)也會(huì)有小的失誤，何況對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)的我們。但如果可以進(jìn)行巧妙地彌補(bǔ)或者轉(zhuǎn)述也許會(huì)給rater留下更好的印象。比如中文無(wú)論男性還是女性我們稱(chēng)呼第三人稱(chēng)都是“ta”, 而英文中有he, she之別，所以有時(shí)會(huì)把主人公的性別說(shuō)錯(cuò)，例如上文說(shuō)男孩觀點(diǎn)可能會(huì)說(shuō)成shedisagrees the suggestion,這時(shí)我們可以說(shuō)“Imean, he disagrees”, 通過(guò)證明自己知道正確的說(shuō)法，向評(píng)分者展現(xiàn)自己的水平。

所以善用一些小詞可以對(duì)先前所說(shuō)的有問(wèn)題的句子進(jìn)行修正，比如I mean, that is to say,what I am trying to say is..., 甚至可以用um, uh這樣的口頭語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然也不能過(guò)于頻繁地使用，我們權(quán)衡的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是不影響我們正常的思路和流暢的答題。

所以對(duì)于語(yǔ)言的轉(zhuǎn)述我們從心態(tài)上要做到適當(dāng)?shù)姆潘?，及時(shí)修正明顯的失誤，放過(guò)那些小的不恰當(dāng)措辭，畢竟考官更加注重的是你的前后銜接與整體的連貫。

接著我們將后面的答案進(jìn)行連貫的組織就應(yīng)該是這樣：

The studentproposes to close the Campus Coffee house because students usually don’tuse it and the food in the coffee house is not good.

The woman in theconversation dislikes the proposal. She says that she likes staying the CoffeeHouse since it’s never crowded, and it provides a great place tostudy. So she always reads a book or works on a paper in it. She evenprefers it to the library.

Plus,students can eat while they study there. She also says that though thefood wasn’t great, it’s a lot better now. For the Coffee House has got a newmanager. Last week, she went there and the food was delicious. Besides, the new manager has added a lot of really healthy food and snack; it istailored for everyone’s taste now.

在整合答案的過(guò)程中，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專(zhuān)家和ETS的要求都是一致的，要善于使用transitional words將整個(gè)回答連貫起來(lái)，這才能充分體現(xiàn)邏輯性。除此之外，有時(shí)我們?cè)谡f(shuō)這些連接詞的過(guò)程，也可以是自己思考和組織答案的過(guò)程，也就是說(shuō)有時(shí)我們停頓都可以停頓得很美國(guó)范，讓你的聽(tīng)眾和考官聽(tīng)出你其實(shí)在思考。

對(duì)于口語(yǔ)的評(píng)判是多方面的，整體平衡的表現(xiàn)才是rater所關(guān)心和注意的。在我們每天識(shí)記單詞和學(xué)習(xí)地道短語(yǔ)表達(dá)的同時(shí)，如果還能用到本文所提到的一些轉(zhuǎn)述技巧，無(wú)疑會(huì)使答案更加出彩，給考官留下一個(gè)好的印象，從而得到理想的口語(yǔ)分?jǐn)?shù)。