考研英語(yǔ)閱讀材料：造成空氣污染的5大污染源

考生在備考考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的時(shí)候，有必要大量閱讀文章，即英語(yǔ)閱讀材料。通過大量的閱讀能夠幫助大家開拓視野，增長(zhǎng)知識(shí)。本文主要圍繞著大氣污染這一話題，進(jìn)行了比較全面的解析。

中東部地區(qū)持續(xù)霧霾天氣讓很多人都開始關(guān)注空氣污染這個(gè)話題。但是光是關(guān)心可沒有用，若想要解決問題，我們先要知道空氣污染的源頭是什么。下面小編就來細(xì)數(shù)造成空氣污染的5大污染源：

1. Power Generation

發(fā)電污染

Siting fossil fuel power stations in mainly rural areas and distributing the pollution produced more evenly via tall chimneys has resulted in improved urban air quality, though they still remain a major source of pollution, mainly sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

將化石燃料發(fā)電站建在郊區(qū)，造高煙囪讓污染物更平均地分布在各處，這些當(dāng)然能讓城市的空氣變得更好。不過，發(fā)電依舊是一個(gè)很大的污染源，主要的污染物是二氧化硫和一氧化氮。

Better dispersion of pollutants emitted by tall chimneys leads to better dilution in the air and thus lower local concentrations of pollutants. This has however led to pollution being dispersed more widely and to transboundary air pollution.

高的煙囪能夠讓污染物在空氣中散布得更均勻，可以更好地稀釋污染物，讓污染物的濃度降低。然而，這卻致使污染物分布得更廣泛，并且會(huì)使空氣污染向其他區(qū)域傳播。

2. Other Industry and waste disposal

其他工業(yè)和廢物污染源

Although fossil fuel power plants are the major source of industrial air pollution in many countries, all industry and many businesses, large and small, can be significant local sources of a wide range of air pollutants.

雖然化石燃料發(fā)電站是很多國(guó)家主要的工業(yè)造成的空氣污染，但是所有工業(yè)以及其他很多行業(yè)，無論大小，都有可能成為當(dāng)?shù)馗鞣N類型空氣污染的源頭。

All waste has the potential to affect the environment adversely by contaminating the air, soil or water. Poorly managed waste disposal sites （landfill or incineration） can also pose a danger to public health, through all these routes.

所有的廢棄物都有可能對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生不利影響，污染空氣、土壤和水質(zhì)。如果不對(duì)廢物處理處（垃圾填埋場(chǎng)或焚燒廠）善加處理，這些廢物也有可能通過各種途徑對(duì)公眾的健康造成影響。

3. Road Transport

道路交通污染

Air pollution from motor vehicles has, in many countries, replaced coal smoke as the major cause for concern; and the continuing growth in vehicle use means that efforts to reduce emissions from individual vehicles are in danger of being overtaken by increases in the volume of traffic.

機(jī)動(dòng)車輛造成的空氣污染在很多國(guó)家都已經(jīng)超過了煤煙，成為了大的空氣污染源。持續(xù)增加的車輛使用數(shù)量也意味著：減少單部車輛排放的速度已經(jīng)快要趕不上車流量增加的速度了。

The air pollutants produced as a result of the use of motor vehicles present a two-stage problem: primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants produced by petrol-powered vehicles include carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, benzene, particulate matter and lead. Much of the lead emitted by vehicles burning leaded petrol emerges as particles. Secondary pollutants produced as a result of the use of petrol-engined vehicles include nitrogen dioxide and ozone.

機(jī)動(dòng)車輛制造的空氣污染會(huì)帶來兩個(gè)階段的問題：一級(jí)污染物和二次污染物。一級(jí)污染物是由汽油動(dòng)力車輛產(chǎn)生的，包括一氧化碳、氧化氮、苯、懸浮顆粒以及鉛。很多消耗汽油的車輛所排放的鉛成為空氣中的懸浮顆粒。二次污染物是由汽油引擎車輛產(chǎn)生的，包括二氧化氮和臭氧。

4. Domestic Sources

生活污染源

As temperatures across the region plummeted, domestic burning of coal across northern China becomes the primary source of air pollution. Other important domestic sources of air pollution are:

由于溫度驟降，中國(guó)北部地區(qū)的家庭中燃煤，成為了一個(gè)主要的空氣污染源。其他重要生活污染源有：

Stoves and cookers produce carbon monoxide. If ventilation is inadequate or appliances poorly maintained, CO may accumulate in dangerous concentrations. Nitrogen dioxide is also generated and concentrations in kitchens will usually exceed those outdoors when cookers are in use.

爐灶會(huì)產(chǎn)生一氧化碳。如果通風(fēng)不佳或設(shè)備維護(hù)不周，一氧化碳有可能會(huì)在家中聚集，達(dá)到會(huì)造成危險(xiǎn)的濃度。同時(shí)還會(huì)產(chǎn)生的是二氧化氮，使用炊具時(shí)，廚房?jī)?nèi)的二氧化氮濃度會(huì)比室外的濃度高。

Bonfires, garden incinerators and barbecues can be a significant local smoke and odour nuisance. Burning garden waste produces smoke, especially if it is damp and smouldering rather than dry and blazing. The smoke contains CO and other noxious and irritating compounds. Problems may be caused for asthmatics, bronchitis sufferers or those with heart conditions. Even if the immediate health risk is small, bonfires add to the general background level of air pollution.

篝火、花園里的焚化爐和戶外燒烤都有可能產(chǎn)生大量煙霧和難聞的味道。燃燒花園中的廢棄物時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生煙霧，特別是廢棄物潮濕時(shí)，燃燒產(chǎn)生的煙霧要比干燥時(shí)產(chǎn)生的煙霧多。煙霧中還有一氧化碳和其他有毒、刺激性化合物。這些污染對(duì)有哮喘、支氣管炎以及心臟疾病的人來說會(huì)造成不良后果。即使在短時(shí)間內(nèi)沒有很大的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，篝火產(chǎn)生的污染也會(huì)增加大環(huán)境下的空氣污染程度。

5. Agriculture

農(nóng)業(yè)污染

Agricultural practices can also be a significant source of nuisance, contributing both to local levels of air pollution and causing odour problems. The main sources of pollution are the burning of agricultural waste, or of crops in the field and large intensive livestock units. Depending on soil type and fertilisation, the nitrogen in the dung and urine of grazing cattle contributes 20-40% of nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural land; methane is also emitted by cattle and other ruminants; nitrous oxide and methane are of course both greenhouse gases.

農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)也有可能成為討厭的空氣污染源，即會(huì)增加當(dāng)?shù)氐目諝馕廴境潭?，也?huì)產(chǎn)生難聞的氣味。農(nóng)業(yè)污染主要的的源頭是焚燒農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物、農(nóng)田中的農(nóng)作物，大量的牲畜也是一大農(nóng)業(yè)污染源。牛的糞便和尿液是農(nóng)業(yè)一氧化二氮排放的原因之一，根據(jù)土壤類型和土壤肥沃程度不同，其排放的一氧化二氮的比例會(huì)占到總量的20-40%左右。牛和其他反芻動(dòng)物還會(huì)排放甲烷，而一氧化二氮和甲烷都是溫室氣體。