名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣
第一節(jié):賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語氣
一、在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
在動詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,常省去賓語從句的引導詞that。
一)、對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬(與現(xiàn)在的事實相反):
從句用過去式或過去進行式(時間上是同時的)。其句子結構為:賓語從句的謂語be和were(was),實義動詞用過去式。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個答案。(事實上是不知道)
2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實上不可能)
3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實上不可能)
4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不在家)
5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動詞understood)
現(xiàn)在他在中國,他希望能懂得中文。(事實上并不懂)
6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過去虛擬動詞were)(事實上并不和我們在一起)
二)、對過去情況的虛擬(和過去的事實相反):
用wish表示對過去事情的遺憾。其句子結構為:賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時,或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時。例:
1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不該浪費這么多時間。(事實上已浪費了)
2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望沒有失去機會。(其實已失去)
3. We wished he had spoken to us.
(wished,had + spoken)(事實上他并沒同我們講)
4. I wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事實上已遲了)
5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事實上并不如此)
例題分析:I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
動詞wish后面接從句,表達不可能實現(xiàn)或與事實相反的情況時,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣,即用過去式(表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動作)或過去完成式(表示過去發(fā)生的動作)。本題后半句謂語動詞have用的是過去時had
to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作。所以, 選項A)could have slept是答案
三)、對將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望):
從句動詞"would/should/could/might + 動詞原形"(時間上較后)(請注意:主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對將來事情的愿望。例:
1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動詞would+動詞原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事實上雨還在下著呢)
2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安靜一些。(事實上那家伙還在吵著呢)
3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天會到。(事實上她還沒到)
4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她會改變主意。(呵呵,女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)
5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我們和他在一起,實際上還沒在一起)
四)、注意:
1.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動詞形式不變。例如:
I wished I hadn't spent so much money.
我要是那時沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。
2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
由于這些動詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見,認為某事應該或不應該怎樣,這些詞語后面的“that”從句應用虛擬語氣,且均以“should+動詞原形”表示這種語氣,但事實上“should”常被省略,故此從句中謂語動詞用原形,常用的此類動詞有:
表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg
表示“提議、勸告、建議”的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote
表示“決定、命令”的:decide, order
表示“主張”的:maintain, urge
表示“同意、堅持”的:consent, insist
例如:
1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(當我建議他用刮胡膏時,他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)
4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費了幾天功夫尋找理論根據,直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉動的。)
5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我們建議學生應在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中虛擬語氣很普遍,其結構如:
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +… (should) do
6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
但注意:在insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅持自己, 用陳述語氣, 堅持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語氣。
8.she insists that she is right.
9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.
或者說,suggest, insist不表示建議或堅持要某人做某事時,即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅持認為時,賓語從句用陳述語氣。
10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判斷改錯:
(錯)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(對)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.
(錯)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(對)14. I insisted that you were wrong.