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新概念英語語法指導(dǎo):定語從句

2015-02-02

新概念英語學(xué)習(xí)-定語從句

知識要點:

一、定語從句的概念

在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。

二、定語從句的關(guān)系詞

引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。

三、定語從句的分類

根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去,非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

四、關(guān)系代詞的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)

The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語)

2.which用于指物,在句中作主語或賓語,作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)

The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)

3.who, whom用于指人,who用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:

The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(作主語)

Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)

注意:

(1)當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時,who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時,只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:

This is the house in which we lived last year. 這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>

Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。

(2)含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如:

This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個人。

(3)that 作介詞的賓語時,介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例如:

The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。

(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:

a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞高級所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞高級時,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個通過考試的人。

b. 被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which。例如:

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?

c. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which。例如:

This is the same bike that I lost. 這就是我丟的那輛自行車。

d. 先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that, 而不用which。例如:

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。

e. 以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:

Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?

f. 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:

There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。

(5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:

a. 先行詞為that, those時,用which, 而不用that。例如:

What's that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?

b. 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時,一般用which,而不用that。例如:

This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。

c. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,用which, 而不用that。例如:

Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。

五、關(guān)系副詞的用法

(1)when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。例如:

This was the time when he arrived. 這是他到達(dá)的時間。

(2)where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。例如:

This is place where he works. 這是他工作的地點。

(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例如:

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。

六、which 和 as

在定語從句的非限制性定語中,which 和as 是容易混淆的。在很多情況下兩者兼可互換,但在下列情況中不可互換:

(1)通常as 可以放在整句的句首,而which 只能在逗號之后,as 本身含有“正如”,as 在定語從句中既可是主語也可做賓語。

As appear from her paper, she has read widely in Romantic literature.

She is remarkable, as I have told you .

(2)which 在做非限制性定語從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞時可以無明確先行詞,指前句整個的意思,如:She has married again, which surprises us.

七、all that 和 what

在定語從句中,許多人往往分不清all that 和what,what 實際上只引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,它相當(dāng)于all that 兩個字,例如:

All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.

= What I know is that he has...

【專項訓(xùn)練】

1.Football ______ is a very interesting game , is played all over the world.

A.that B.which C.it D.who

2.Is there anything else ______ you require?

A.which B.that C.who D.what

3.The last place ______ we visited was the Great Wall.

A.which B.that C.where D.it

4.He talked happily about the men and books ______ interested him greatly in the school.

A.which B.who C.it D.that

5.The realway tunnel, through ______ the train goes, will be completed soon.

A.which B.that C.it D.whom

6.His uncle works in a factory ______ bicycles are made.

A.that B.which C.where D.there

7.There is no dictionary ______ you can find everything.

A.that B.which C.where D.in that

8.Next month, ______ you’ll spend in your hometown is coming.

A.which B.that C.when D.where

9.Next month, ______ you’ll be in your hometown is coming.

A.which B.that C.when D.where

10.I often thought of my childhood, ______ I lived on a farm.

A.which B.where C.when D.who

KEYS

1 B 2 B 3 B 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 C

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