知識要點(diǎn):
一、定語從句的概念
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
二、定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時(shí)又作定語從句的重要成分。
三、定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去,非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號分開,起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、關(guān)系代詞的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時(shí)不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語或賓語,作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
3.who, whom用于指人,who用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時(shí)可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
注意:
(1)當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時(shí),who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí),只能用“介詞+which/whom”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year. 這是我們?nèi)ツ昃幼〉姆孔印?/p>
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 請告訴我你從誰那借的這本英文小說。
(2)含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for. 這就是你要找的那個人。
(3)that 作介詞的賓語時(shí),介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away. 她居住的城市非常遠(yuǎn)。
(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:
a. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞高級所修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞高級時(shí),只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一個通過考試的人。
b. 被修飾的先行詞為all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時(shí),只能用that,而不用which。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎?
c. 先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等詞修飾時(shí),只能用that,而不用which。例如:
This is the same bike that I lost. 這就是我丟的那輛自行車。
d. 先行詞里同時(shí)含有人或物時(shí),只能用that, 而不用which。例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚記得我在那個房間所見到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰?
f. 主句是there be 結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which.例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本書是湯姆的。
(5)關(guān)系詞只能用which,而不用that 的情況:
a. 先行詞為that, those時(shí),用which, 而不用that。例如:
What's that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些東西是什么?
b. 關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí),一般用which,而不用that。例如:
This is the room in which he lives. 這是他居住的房間。
c. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,用which, 而不用that。例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy. 湯姆回來了,這使我們很高興。
五、關(guān)系副詞的用法
(1)when指時(shí)間,其先行詞表示時(shí)間,在句中作時(shí)間狀語。例如:
This was the time when he arrived. 這是他到達(dá)的時(shí)間。
(2)where指地點(diǎn),其先行詞表示地點(diǎn),在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。例如:
This is place where he works. 這是他工作的地點(diǎn)。
(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,起原因狀語作用。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。
六、which 和 as
在定語從句的非限制性定語中,which 和as 是容易混淆的。在很多情況下兩者兼可互換,但在下列情況中不可互換:
(1)通常as 可以放在整句的句首,而which 只能在逗號之后,as 本身含有“正如”,as 在定語從句中既可是主語也可做賓語。
As appear from her paper, she has read widely in Romantic literature.
She is remarkable, as I have told you .
(2)which 在做非限制性定語從句關(guān)聯(lián)詞時(shí)可以無明確先行詞,指前句整個的意思,如:She has married again, which surprises us.
七、all that 和 what
在定語從句中,許多人往往分不清all that 和what,what 實(shí)際上只引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,它相當(dāng)于all that 兩個字,例如:
All that I know is that he has made up his mind to heave the country for a new place.
= What I know is that he has...
【專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練】
1.Football ______ is a very interesting game , is played all over the world.
A.that B.which C.it D.who
2.Is there anything else ______ you require?
A.which B.that C.who D.what
3.The last place ______ we visited was the Great Wall.
A.which B.that C.where D.it
4.He talked happily about the men and books ______ interested him greatly in the school.
A.which B.who C.it D.that
5.The realway tunnel, through ______ the train goes, will be completed soon.
A.which B.that C.it D.whom
6.His uncle works in a factory ______ bicycles are made.
A.that B.which C.where D.there
7.There is no dictionary ______ you can find everything.
A.that B.which C.where D.in that
8.Next month, ______ you’ll spend in your hometown is coming.
A.which B.that C.when D.where
9.Next month, ______ you’ll be in your hometown is coming.
A.which B.that C.when D.where
10.I often thought of my childhood, ______ I lived on a farm.
A.which B.where C.when D.who
KEYS
1 B 2 B 3 B 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 C